This page contains the major DNA tandem repeat sequence found within the telomere structures. Each sequence is referenced by original literature citations that are linked to the published online journal. The few species that do not utilize telomerase, certain insects, have the method of elongation listed in place of the tandem repeat. Most telomeric repeats are only 6 to 8 nucleotides, however several yeast species have irregular repeats that range from 6 to 26 nucleotides and contain other variant repeats.
Vertebrates
| Vertebrates | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| vertebrate sp. | TTAGGG | Meyne et al, 1989 |
Invertebrates
| Invertebrates | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ciona sp.(sea squirt) | TTAGGG | ||
| Ciona savignyi (sea squirt) | TTAGGG | ||
| Oikopleura dioica (sea squirt) | TTAGGG | Schulmeister et al, 2007 | |
| Botryllus schlosseri (star ascidian) | TTAGGG | Laird and Weissman, 2004 | |
| Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) | TTAGGG | Sinclair et al, 2007 | |
| Donax trunculus (wedgeshell clam) | TTAGGG | Sinclair et al, 2007 | |
| Argopecten irradians (bay scallop) | TTAGGG | Sinclair et al, 2007 | |
| Cassiopeidae sp. (jellyfish) | TTAGGG | Ojimi et al, 2008 | |
| Gammarus pulex (freshwater shrimp) | TTAGG | Sahara et al, 1999 | |
| Beetles | Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 |
| Agrilus viridis (beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Arhopalus coreanus (beetle) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Spondylis buprestoides (longhorn beetle) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Ips typographus (Spruce bark beetle) | TTAGG | Sahara et al, 1999 | |
| Graphoderus cinereus (beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Ampedus sanguineus (beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Diacanthous undosus (beetle) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Melanotus legatus (click beetle) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Mylabris sp. | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Typhaea stercorea | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Silpha obscura (beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Oryzaephilus surinamensis (grain beetle) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Palorus ratzeburgii (small-eyed flour beetle) | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Palorus subdepressus | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Palorus genalis | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Palorus ficicola | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Pimelia elevata | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Pimelia criba | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Pimelia monticola | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tenebrio obscurus | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) | TCAGG | Tribolium Gen. Seq. Con., 2008 Osanai et al, 2006 |
|
| Tribolium freemani | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium confusum | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium madens | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium audax | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium brevicornis | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium anaphe | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Tribolium destructor | TCAGG | Mravinac et al, 2011 | |
| Flies | Chironomus tentans (fly) | satellite sequence | Nielsen et al, 1993 |
| Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) | unequal recombination | Roth et al, 1997 | |
| Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) | retrotransposons | Biessmann et al, 1990 | |
| Drosophila virilis (fly) | retrotransposons satellite sequence | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Apis mellifera (honey bee) | TTAGG | Sahara et al, 1999 | |
| Manica yessensis (ant) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Myrmecia sp. (ant) | TTAGG | Meyne et al, 1995 | |
| Tapinoma nigerrimum (ant) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Lepidopterans | Bombyx mori (domestic silkworm) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 |
| Bombyx mandarina (wild silkworm) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Mamestra brassicae (cabbage moth) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Papilio xuthus (butterfly) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth) | TTAGG | Sahara et al, 1999 | |
| Galleria mellonella (wax moth) | TTAGG | Sahara et al, 1999 | |
| Antheraea pernyi (Chinese oak silkmoth) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Antheraea yamamai (Japanese oak silkmoth) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Samia cynthia ricini (Indian silkmoth) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Agrius convolvuli (morning glory sphinx moth) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Sialis lutaria (alderfly) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Stenopsyche japonica (caddisfly) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Limnephilus decipiens (caddisfly) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Protidricerus japonicus (owlfly) | TTAGG | Frydrychová et al, 2004 | |
| Periplaneta fuliginosa (dusky-brown cockroach) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Hodotermopsis japonicus (termite) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Locusta migratoria (migratory locust) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Diestrammena japonica (camel cricket) | TTAGG | Okazaki et al, 1993 | |
| Nematodes | Ascaris lumbricoides | TTAGGC | Müller et al, 1991 |
| Ascaris suum | TTAGGC | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Parascaris univalens | TTGCA | Teschke et al, 1991 | |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | TTAGGC | Cangiano et al, 1993 |
Fungi
| Fungi | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) | G2–8TTAC(A) | Joseph et al, 2007 Murray et al, 1986 |
|
| Saccharomycotina | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) | T(G)2-3(TG)1-6 | Shampay et al, 1984 McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 |
| Saccharomyces bayanus | T(G)2-3(TG)1-6 | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Saccharomyces paradoxus | T(G)2-3(TG)1-6 | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Saccharomyces mikatae | T(G)2-3(TG)1-6 | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Saccharomyces exiguus | T(G)2-3(TG)1-6 | Cohn et al, 1998 | |
| Saccharomyces dairenensis | TCTGGG(TG)1-3 | Cohn et al, 1998 | |
| TCTGGG | |||
| Saccharomyces castellii | TCTGGG(TG)1-4 | Cohn et al, 1995 | |
| Saccharomyces kluyveri | GGGTGGACATGCGTACTGTGAGGTCT | Cohn et al, 1998 | |
| Kluyveromyces lactis | ACGGATTTGATTAGGTATGTGGTGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida albicans | ACGGATGTCTAACTTCTTGGTGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida glabrata | CTGGGTGCTGTGGGGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida guillermondii | ACTGGTGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida maltosa | ACGGATGCAGACTCGCTTGGTGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida metapsilosis | GGTTAGGATGTCCAAAGTATTGA | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Candida orthopsilosis | GGTTAGGATGTAGACAATACTGC | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Candida parapsilosis | GGTCCGGATGTTGATTATACTGA | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Candida pseudotropicalis | ACGGATTTGATTAGTTATGTGGTGT | McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 | |
| Candida sojae | TGTAAGGATGCAAAACCGCTATTCG | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Candida tropicalis | A[C/A]GGATGTCACGATCATTGGTGT | Gunisova et al, 2009 McEachern and Blackburn, 1994 |
|
| AAGGATGTCACGATCATTGGTGT | |||
| Debaryomyces hansenii | ATGTTGAGGTGTAGGG | Lépingle et al, 2000 | |
| Ashbya gossypii (Eremothecium gossypii) | GTGTGGTGTATGGGTCTCTCAGCG | Dietrich et al, 2004 | |
| Lodderomyces elongisporus | CGGTGTAAGGATGCACTTGAAACT | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Pichia guilliermondii | ACTGGTGT | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Pichia stipitis | GGATCTTTTCACGTCTTGCGGTA | Jeffries et al, 2007 | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica | GGACGATTG | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Clavispora lusitaniae | TCTTTAGGGAGGTACTGATGT | Gunisova et al, 2009 | |
| Pezizomycotina | Aspergillus fumigatus | TTAGGG | Nierman et al, 2005 |
| Aspergillus oryzae | TTAGGGTCAACA | Kusumoto et al, 2003 | |
| Aspergillus nidulans (Emericella nidulans) | TTAGGG | Bhattacharyya et al, 1997 | |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | TTAGGG | Woods et al, 1992 | |
| Cladosporium fulvum | TTAGGG | Coleman et al, 1993 | |
| Magnaporthe grisea (rice blast fungus) | TTAGGG | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Podospora anserina | TTAGGG | Javerzat et al, 1993 | |
| Neurospora crassa | TTAGGG | Schechtman, 1990 | |
| Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans) | TTA(G)4-6 | Edman, 1992 | |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi | G[A/G]GCCT[C/T]CT | Peyret et al, 2001 | |
| GAGCCTTGTTT | |||
| GAGACGCAGTGTTGCCAGGATG | |||
| Rhizopus oryzae | TTGTGG | Ma et al, 2009 |
Amoeba
| Amoeba | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dictyostelium discoideum | A(G)1-8 | Emery et al, 1981 | |
| Physarum polycephalum | TTAGGG | Forney et al, 1987 | |
| Didymium iridis | TTAGGG | Forney et al, 1987 |
Plants
| Plants | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| plants sp. | TTTAGGG | Cox et al, 1993 Fuchs et al, 1995 |
|
| Eudicots | Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco) | TTAGGG | Weiss et al, 2002 |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | TT[T/A]GGG | Ganal et al, 1991 | |
| Strombosia pustulata (Italian olive ash) | TTTTAGGG | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) | TTTAGGG | Richards et al, 1988 | |
| Aloe sp. | TTAGGG | Weiss et al, 2002 | |
| Hyacinthella dalmatica | TTAGGG | Puizina et al, 2003 | |
| Othocallis siberica (Siberian squill) | TTAGGG | Weiss-Schneeweiss et al, 2004 |
Algae
| Algae | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyanidioschyzon merolae (red algae) | AATGGGGGG | Nozaki et al, 2007 | |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green alga) | TTTTAGGG | Petracek et al, 1990 |
Ciliates
| Ciliates | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oligohymenophorea | Glaucoma chattoni | TTGGGG | Katzen et al, 1981 |
| Tetrahymena thermophila | TTGGGG | Blackburn et al, 1978 | |
| Paramecium tetraurelia | TT[T/G]GGG | Forney et al, 1988 | |
| Paramecium primaurelia | TT[T/G]GGG | Forney et al, 1988 | |
| Paramecium multimicronucleatum | TT[T/G]GGG | Forney et al, 1988 | |
| Paramecium caudatum | TT[T/G]GGG | Forney et al, 1988 | |
| Spirotrich | Euplotes aediculatus | TTTTGGGG | Klobutcher et al, 1981 |
| Euplotes eurystomus | TTTTGGGG | Klobutcher et al, 1981 | |
| Euplotes crassus | TTTTGGGG | Klobutcher et al, 1981 | |
| Oxytricha nova (Sterkiella nova) | TTTTGGGG | Klobutcher et al, 1981 | |
| Oxytricha trifallax (Sterkiella histriomuscorum) | TTTTGGGG | Klobutcher et al, 1981 |
Other Protists
| Other Protists | Sequences | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasmodium falciparum (human parasite) | TT[T/C]AGGG | Vernick et al, 1988 | |
| Plasmodium berghei (rodent parasite) | TT[T/C]AGGG | Ponzi et al, 1985 | |
| Theileria annulata | TTTTAGGG | Sohanpal et al, 1995 | |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | TTTAGG | Liu et al, 1998 | |
| Giardia lamblia | TTAGG | Morrison et al, 2007 | |
| Giardia intestinalis | TAGGG | Le Blancq et al, 1991 | |
| Leishmania major | TTAGGG | Teixeria et al, 2005 | |
| Trypanosoma brucei | TTAGGG | Blackburn et al, 1984 |